Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to facilitate the advancement of support knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in AI research, making released research study more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with a simple interface for interacting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have actually been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
Gym Retro

Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement knowing (RL) research study on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on optimizing representatives to resolve single jobs. Gym Retro offers the ability to generalize in between video games with similar concepts but various looks.

RoboSumo

Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot representatives initially do not have knowledge of how to even walk, however are given the objectives of learning to move and to push the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial learning process, the representatives discover how to adjust to changing conditions. When an agent is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually discovered how to stabilize in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between agents might produce an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to operate even outside the context of the competition. [148]
OpenAI 5

OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high ability level completely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public demonstration happened at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship tournament for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of real time, and that the learning software application was a step in the direction of developing software that can deal with complex jobs like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a form of support knowing, as the bots find out in time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an opponent and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156]
By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a complete team of 5, and forum.pinoo.com.tr they had the ability to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 exhibit matches against professional players, but ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the ruling world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public appearance came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot gamer reveals the difficulties of AI systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated the usage of deep support learning (DRL) agents to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166]
Dactyl

Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses maker learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical objects. [167] It discovers totally in simulation utilizing the very same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences instead of trying to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, likewise has RGB video cameras to allow the robotic to manipulate an approximate item by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might solve a Rubik's Cube. The robotic was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complicated physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation technique of creating gradually harder environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to specify randomization ranges. [169]
API

In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new AI models established by OpenAI" to let designers call on it for "any English language AI job". [170] [171]
Text generation

The company has popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1")

The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was composed by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and published in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It revealed how a generative design of language could obtain world knowledge and setiathome.berkeley.edu procedure long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.

GPT-2

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just limited demonstrative versions initially launched to the general public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to issue about prospective misuse, consisting of applications for composing fake news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 postured a considerable risk.

In reaction to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to identify "neural fake news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the technology to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180]
GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language models to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 attaining modern accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not additional trained on any task-specific input-output examples).

The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
GPT-3

First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the complete version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as couple of as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186]
OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 was successful at certain "meta-learning" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184]
GPT-3 drastically improved benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or coming across the essential capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not instantly launched to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191]
Codex

Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the AI powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can produce working code in over a dozen shows languages, the majority of efficiently in Python. [192]
Several problems with problems, design defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196]
GitHub Copilot has been accused of releasing copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
OpenAI announced that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
GPT-4

On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar examination with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might also check out, examine or generate as much as 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all major programming languages. [200]
Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained a few of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually decreased to reveal different technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203]
GPT-4o

On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced outcomes in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially helpful for business, startups and bytes-the-dust.com developers seeking to automate services with AI representatives. [208]
o1

On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have actually been designed to take more time to think of their responses, resulting in greater precision. These models are especially effective in science, coding, and thinking tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211]
o3

On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much faster variation of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are evaluating o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 instead of o2 to avoid confusion with telecoms services provider O2. [215]
Deep research

Deep research study is a representative developed by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform extensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools allowed, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) benchmark. [120]
Image classification

CLIP

Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic similarity between text and images. It can especially be used for image category. [217]
Text-to-image

DALL-E

Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that develops images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to translate natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and produce matching images. It can develop images of realistic things ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with items that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.

DALL-E 2

In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the design with more practical outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new rudimentary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220]
DALL-E 3

In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, raovatonline.org a more effective design much better able to generate images from complex descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222]
Text-to-video

Sora

Sora is a text-to-video model that can generate videos based upon brief detailed prompts [223] as well as extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.

Sora's development team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "unlimited innovative potential". [223] Sora's innovation is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that purpose, but did not expose the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223]
OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, mentioning that it might produce videos up to one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the techniques utilized to train the model, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its shortcomings, including battles simulating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", however noted that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's typical output. [225]
Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed significant interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the innovation's capability to produce reasonable video from text descriptions, mentioning its prospective to revolutionize storytelling and material creation. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly plans for expanding his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227]
Speech-to-text

Whisper

Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment model. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech recognition along with speech translation and language identification. [229]
Music generation

MuseNet

Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to begin fairly but then fall into mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233]
Jukebox

Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the tunes "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a considerable gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's highly remarkable, even if the outcomes sound like mushy versions of tunes that might feel familiar", wiki.snooze-hotelsoftware.de while Business Insider stated "surprisingly, a few of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
User interfaces

Debate Game

In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches machines to dispute toy problems in front of a human judge. The function is to research study whether such an approach may assist in auditing AI choices and in establishing explainable AI. [237] [238]
Microscope

Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of 8 neural network models which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to evaluate the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various versions of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241]
ChatGPT

Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in natural language. The system then reacts with a response within seconds.